Cross–Generational Preservation of Ritual Practices Among the Mansakas in Davao De Oro: A Multi–Case Study

Abstract

This qualitative multiple-case study examined how Mansaka ritual practices in Davao de Oro were preserved, transformed, and negotiated across Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z. Six information-rich participants—two from each generational case—were selected through maximum-variation purposive sampling. Data were generated through validated semi-structured interviews, field notes, contextual observations, and supporting documentary materials. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed through Braun and Clarke’s reflexive thematic analysis, followed by within-case interpretation and cross-case synthesis. Trustworthiness was supported through triangulation, member checking, an audit trail, reflexive journaling, and thick description. The findings showed that Generation X functioned as cultural anchors and spiritual models, Millennials as administrative and logistical mediators, and Generation Z as active witnesses, performers, and emerging advocates. Across the cases, ritual transmission occurred through observation, storytelling, guided participation, communal gatherings, and repeated practice. Major challenges included the erosion of sacredness and identity, modernization and Western influence, digital distraction, cultural stigma, language loss, migration, and restrictions surrounding sacred knowledge. Participants responded through legal protection, culturally grounded education, organized workshops, government-supported cultural activities, communal leadership, ethical digital documentation, and the reinforcement of shared values. Cross-case analysis indicated that all generations valued communal coherence and cultural continuity, although Generation X favored traditional spiritual transmission while Millennials and Generation Z were more open to structured educational and digital approaches. The study concludes that Mansaka ritual preservation is an active and negotiated intergenerational process rather than passive inheritance. Educational institutions and cultural agencies should support elder-led experiential learning, mother-tongue transmission, community-controlled documentation, and Indigenous-led policy and preservation initiatives.