Smart and Sustainable Forest Fire Early Detection System Utilizing Solar Energy and Wireless Communication

Authors

  • Rosalie T. Tuazon Pampanga State Agricultural University, PAC Compound, Magalang, Pampanga 2011, Philippines Author
  • Johan Winsli G. Felix Pampanga State Agricultural University, PAC Compound, Magalang, Pampanga 2011, Philippines Author
  • Rodel R. Pentecostes Pampanga State Agricultural University, PAC Compound, Magalang, Pampanga 2011, Philippines Author
  • Johnny L. Miranda Pampanga State Agricultural University, PAC Compound, Magalang, Pampanga 2011, Philippines Author
  • Maribel T. Bravo Pampanga State Agricultural University, PAC Compound, Magalang, Pampanga 2011, Philippines Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21640191

Keywords:

forest fire detection, solar-powered system, ESP32, GSM communication, wireless mesh network, environmental monitoring

Abstract

This study designed, developed, and evaluated a smart and sustainable forest fire early detection system utilizing solar energy and wireless communication. The system integrated ESP32-based sensor nodes, five digital flame sensors, MQ-2 gas/smoke sensors, SHT35 temperature and humidity sensors, solar charging modules, rechargeable batteries, ESP-NOW or ESP-Mesh wireless communication, a Raspberry Pi-based processing station, and GSM modules for real-time alert delivery. Using a design-and-development experimental methodology, the system was implemented as a functional prototype and evaluated through controlled fire-simulation testing, system monitoring, and deployment-feasibility analysis. The system architecture used sensing, communication, processing, and notification layers to support autonomous monitoring, multi-sensor fire verification, alert escalation, and event notification. Findings confirmed that the system provided timely and accurate fire detection with minimal false alarms, reliable low-power communication among distributed nodes, fast alert response through GSM-based SMS notification, sustainable solar-powered operation, and scalable deployment for small, medium, and large forest monitoring configurations. The study concludes that integrating renewable energy, embedded sensing, mesh communication, and automated alerting can strengthen forest fire early warning in remote and off-grid environments. The system offers a practical and adaptable technological solution for environmental protection, disaster-risk reduction, and sustainable forest management.

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References

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Published

2026-07-28

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 7 (2026): International Journal of Education, Research, and Innovation Perspectives

Section

Articles

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Tuazon, R., Felix, J. W., Pentecostes, R., Miranda, J., & Bravo, M. (2026). Smart and Sustainable Forest Fire Early Detection System Utilizing Solar Energy and Wireless Communication. International Journal of Education, Research, and Innovation Perspectives, 2(7), 2125-2132. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21640191
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